Associations of dual use and conventional cigarette smoking with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a population-based study.

Front Public Health · 2026 · PMC13272328 · PMID 42318003

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hedged sentences

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closest p

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boldest claim

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borderline significantno p-value reported

Consequently, borderline significant associations warrant caution.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In the current study, increased odds of low HDL cholesterol levels relative to non-smokers were observed among conventional cigarette users, whereas this association did not reach statistical significance in the dual user group.

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