Taurine supplementation in fish meal-free diet improved growth, alleviated hypoxic-induced gill injury associating with Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in sub-adult grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>).

There was a highly significant interaction between hypoxic stress and dietary taurine on the taurine content in gill tissue ( P = 0.001). 3.4 Gill morphology and oxidative damage As shown in Fig. 1 , under normoxia, the gill filaments of grass carp were arranged neatly, the structure of gill epithelial cells was complete, and the gill lamellae were evenly distributed, relaxed and smooth.

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Feed intake (FI) showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reaches its peak in NFT 0.8 group ( P = 0.025).

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