EEG-based clustering shows distinct separation of chronic pain patients before spinal cord stimulation surgery.

While most measures did not reach statistical significance, pain intensity scores in the NRS “worst” subscale differed significantly between clusters ( p = 0.046), with Cluster 1 reporting the highest average pain (9.50 ± 0.71), followed by Cluster 2 (8.83 ± 0.98) and Cluster 3 (7.81 ± 0.84).

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