Stage-specific associations of mineralization markers with CKM syndrome: Nationwide survey and genetic evidence for Alkaline phosphatase's unique clinical role.

As shown in Table 7 , a significant positive causal effect of ALP on CVD was observed using the IVW method (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.01–3.22; p = 0.044), although this association did not reach statistical significance in the MR-Egger analysis (OR: 2.48; 95% CI: 0.97–6.34; p = 0.064).

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Although a positive trend was observed between ALP and diabetes, this association did not reach statistical significance.

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As presented in Table 3 , a higher ALP level was significantly associated with a significantly higher likelihood of being classified into stage 2 (RRR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.37; p < 0.001), stage 3 (RRR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.48, 2.67; p < 0.001), stage 4a (RRR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.46; p < 0.001), and stage 4b (RRR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.58; p < 0.001 ) while the association of stage 1 (RRR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.22; p = 0.074) was marginally significant referring to stage 0.

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