Generative AI in higher education: a meta-analysis of intellectual and social-emotional outcomes.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC13284697 · PMID 42338563

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0010

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

In addition, the results of the Cochran Q test are highly significant ( Q = 454.41, p < 0.001).

also in 132,142 other papers

marginally significantno p-value reported

(2024) , a marginally significant result was obtained.

also in 26,082 other papers

marginally non-significantno p-value reported

Although this result was marginally non-significant, the magnitude and direction of the pooled estimate remained broadly consistent with the main analysis.

also in 1,493 other papers

did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

By contrast, personalized tutoring systems showed the largest numerical pooled effect, Hedges’ g = 1.858, but this effect did not reach statistical significance, with a 95% confidence interval from −1.242 to 4.958 and I-squared = 99.67%.

also in 111,027 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.