Spatial heterogeneity, trade-offs, and bundle identification of ecosystem services in karst watersheds: a comprehensive assessment of the Lijiang River Basin.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC13287675 · PMID 42045404

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FP services, influenced by both NDVI and land use changes, showed a trend of initial growth followed by fluctuating decline, highly consistent with NDVI mean values and the areas of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland.

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