Shotgun metagenomic profiling reveals ecological and functional alterations of the oral microbiome in craniosynostosis.

Regarding alpha diversity, the CS group exhibited lower mean diversity and greater variance across all indices compared to the HC group; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance (Shannon index: 3.66 ± 0.69 vs. 3.89 ± 0.36, p = 0.518; Simpson index: 0.93 ± 0.06 vs. 0.96 ± 0.01, p = 0.245; observed species: 193.68 ± 54.96 vs. 211.59 ± 46.71, p = 0.372; Figure 2C−E ).

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