An exploratory study of breathwork-induced altered states of consciousness in experienced practitioners: the airways to alteration (A2A) trial.

Additionally, breath practices are traditionally and practically significant to other biofield healing systems like Qigong, where qi may be considered synonymous with prana ( Rubik et al., 2015 ; Belal et al., 2023 ).

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While a few analyses produced effect sizes of meaningful magnitude, these did not reach statistical significance, suggesting a high probability that smaller but potentially relevant effects were not detectable within the current sample.

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