From Self-Esteem and Academic Performance to Anxiety: A Cross-Lagged Study of Chinese First-Generation College Students

Behav Sci (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13295913

Europe PMC

hedged sentences

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closest p

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boldest claim

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showed a trendno p-value reported

First, compared to T1, first-generation college students’ self-esteem levels declined slightly at T2, while their academic performance improved slightly; their anxiety levels remained within the mild range and showed a trend of gradual alleviation.

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may be significantno p-value reported

However, given the large number of first-generation college students in Chinese higher education, even small effects may be significant at the population level.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.