Betanin from Beta vulgaris Attenuates Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Pain: Integrated Preclinical and In Silico Insights

Biomedicines · 2026 · PMC13296267

Europe PMC

hedged sentences

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closest p · 1.0× alpha

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boldest claim

The sentences

a trend towards significancep ≤ 0.05actually significant

Regarding proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β exhibited a trend towards significance that did not meet the p ≤ 0.05 threshold [F (3,8) = 3.054, p = 0.092, η 2 = 0.534, observed power = 0.495]; however, pairwise comparisons revealed a significant elevation in the CFA group compared to controls ( p = 0.027).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

TNF-α levels were slightly reduced at both doses and did not reach statistical significance versus CFA.

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