Searching for Amaranthin—A Multipotential Betacyanin from Natural Sources and In Vitro Cultures

Biotechnological production through engineered cell suspension cultures represents an emerging alternative, with transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells producing amaranthin at 13.67 ± 4.13 μM, which demonstrates the feasibility of in vitro biosynthesis independent of agricultural constraints [ 93 ].The field has witnessed a clear trend toward sustainability and process intensification, with recent studies emphasizing green chemistry principles, reduced solvent consumption, and systematic optimization using design of experiments (DoE) approaches [ 63 , 134 ], while advanced analytical techniques including LC-Orbitrap-MS and NMR have enabled precise structural characterization of amaranthin-type betacyanins and their oxidized derivatives [ 45 , 61 ].

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