highly significantp < 0.001
Pain Assessment (VAS) Both groups exhibited progressive pain reduction throughout the study period, with highly significant within-group improvements from baseline to 12 months ( p < 0.001).
Pain Assessment (VAS) Both groups exhibited progressive pain reduction throughout the study period, with highly significant within-group improvements from baseline to 12 months ( p < 0.001).
Over the full 12-month period, the experimental group achieved significant improvement from baseline ( p < 0.001), whereas the corresponding change in the control group did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.181). 3.4.2.