GV-971 Ameliorates Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression-like Phenotypes Accompanied by Reshaping of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.

After 2 weeks of CRS, both the 4 h and 8 h restraint groups exhibited a trend toward increased immobility relative to the naïve control group, but these changes did not reach statistical significance and overt depression-like behavior was not evident ( Figure 1 B).

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Serum FITC-dextran reached 1.01 ± 0.07 μg/mL in CRS mice, whereas control mice showed levels of 0.89 ± 0.05 μg/mL, suggesting a slight trend toward increased intestinal permeability.

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When the CRS period was extended to 8 weeks, immobility time in the 4 h group showed an increasing trend, and in the 8 h group, it significantly increased from 184.93 ± 6.32 s to 217.64 ± 5.66 s ( p = 0.001), indicating a typical depression-like despair phenotype ( Figure 1 D).

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