Bias in the Composite Outcomes of Kidney-Cardio Protective Trials in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Epidemiological Study

J Clin Med · 2026 · PMC13301691

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In FIDELIO-DKD, the primary renal composite was reduced (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.93), while kidney failure did not reach statistical significance (HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.72 to 1.05), resulting in BACO estimates above unity but with confidence intervals overlapping 1. 3.4.

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