Intravaginal Probiotics in Transition Dairy Cows: A Randomized Multi-Farm Field Trial on Health and Milk Production.

Cows classified as uterine-infection-negative (UI−; n = 122) showed a strongly right-skewed distribution toward score 0 (clear or translucent mucus), whereas UI-positive cows ( n = 58) were concentrated at scores 2 and 3 (≥50% purulent material), with a highly significant between-group difference (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.001).

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However, exact farm-level comparisons did not reach statistical significance, reflecting the limited number of cows per treatment within a single farm.

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