Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide orchestrates anti-tumor immunity via a dual-network mechanism targeting the gut microbiota and spleen.

2a ); CD4+ T cells (key immune helper and regulatory cells) exhibited a decreasing trend, albeit without reaching statistical significance ( P > 0.05), CD8+ T cells (core effector cells that directly kill tumor cells) were significantly increased ( P < 0.001, Fig. 2b ); leading to a significantly decreased CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio ( P < 0.001, Fig. 2k ); also B cells (core cells of humoral immunity responsible for antibody production) were significantly downregulated ( P < 0.01, Fig. 2c ).

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2g ), CD8+ T cells displayed a decreasing trend that did not reach statistical significance ( P > 0.05, Fig. 2g )—thereby the CD4+/CD8+T cell ratio was significantly increased ( P < 0.05, Fig. 2k ); No significant difference in the proportion of B cells was observed ( P > 0.05, Fig. 2h ).

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