Precision treatment of chalazion based on AI-driven risk stratification: a prospective study of triamcinolone acetonide combined with intense pulsed light therapy.

Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated a highly significant overall therapeutic advantage for the combination approach ( Figure 9A ), with the combined TA + IPL group yielding a remarkably superior 12-month RFS rate compared to the TA-only and IPL-only cohorts (Log-rank p < 0.0001).

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Model integration and diagnostic performance Variables that did not reach statistical significance in the Cox model (e.g., treatment frequency, Demodex infection) were nonetheless retained as covariates in the final nomogram and hybrid model to ensure informational integrity and robustness.

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