60 Among children, one observational study with a long-term follow-up of 16 years reported that a brief 2 to 3-minute intervention, which included asking about smoking status and counseling, administered during routine dental visits, showed a trend towards benefit in reducing the likelihood of smoking in adulthood (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.09). 61 A systematic review of 67 studies compared self-reported smoking with direct measurement of cotinine levels from biological fluids. 62 Pooling of results was not done because of substantial heterogeneity.
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Recommendation 6: Among asymptomatic, apparently healthy adults, we recommend using body mass index in screening for obesity (Moderate certainty of evidence, strong recommendation) Key findings: The Philippines has an increasing trend of overnutrition from 8.4% in 2015 to 11.7% in 2018.