Authority endorsements backfire and social norms fail to increase vaccination intent in post-COVID Kazakhstan.

All three messenger conditions produced statistically significant or marginally significant negative effects: President Tokayev ( β = − 0 . 074 , p < . 05 ), the Grand Mufti of Kazakhstan ( β = − 0 . 066 , p < . 05 ), and the Chief Sanitary Doctor ( β = − 0 . 063 , p < . 10 , where marginal significance indicates p-values between .05 and .10).

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The main effects of norm type were uniformly negative but failed to reach statistical significance: local residents ( β = − 0 . 030 , SE = 0.035), national citizens ( β = − 0 . 023 , SE = 0.034), and religious community ( β = − 0 . 020 , SE = 0.034).

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