A hybrid flower pollination algorithm-deep learning approach for strength prediction of sustainable recycled fine aggregate concrete with GUI-based implementation.

Further studies conducted in 28 days reveal a decreasing trend in tensile strength with the incorporation of WRFA50, resulting in a 31.7% decrease in strength.

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The accuracy matrix further reinforced these findings, showing a clear trend where FPA-DNN outperformed all other models, followed by DNN, ANN, RF, and kNN model.

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