Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy reprograms CNS immunity and alters Alzheimer's biomarkers: results from two open-label clinical trials.

Commun Med (Lond) · 2026 · PMC13328741 · PMID 42393277

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Stimulation with HKCA also induced peak IL-1β and IL-6 responses at 6 months, consistent with a trained immunity profile, although responses were lower in magnitude than with LPS, and TNF-α did not reach statistical significance (Supplementary Fig. 3 ).

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