Female endurance athletes show a reduced plasma cell-free DNA response to all-out and 3-h cycling compared to male counterparts.

Similarly, computing non‐linear generalized additive mixed models across all cfDNA values, cfDNA concentrations increased non‐linearly with energy expenditure, as indicated by highly significant smooth terms for both sexes ( F = 35–44, p < 0.001) and high overall model fits (adjusted R 2 = 0.87–0.88).

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The reduced sample size in these subgroup analyses likely limited statistical power, which may explain why some associations did not reach statistical significance despite showing similar trends.

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