Anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 blockade overcomes immune exclusion in NSCLC brain metastases by enhancing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses and promoting tertiary lymphoid structure formation.

Nat Commun · 2026 · PMC13342341 · PMID 42414284

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a clear trendno p-value reported

However, TLS presence in BrMs was not significantly associated with post-resection survival and did not show a clear trend toward improved outcome (Supplementary Fig. 3G ).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.

Anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 blockade overcomes immune exclusion in NSCLC brain metastases by enhancing CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell responses and promoting tertiary lymphoid structure formation.

The sentences

Anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 blockade overcomes immune exclusion in NSCLC brain metastases by enhancing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses and promoting tertiary lymphoid structure formation.