Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Water Quality Assessment of the Carboniferous Shanxi Formation Sandstone Water in the Huafeng Coal Mine Using an Integrated GTCWM-FCE-TOPSIS Framework.

To visualize the spatial distribution of chemical parameters, contour maps were generated using the Kriging interpolation method with Surfer software ( Figure ). Spatially, most parameters exhibit a clear trend of increasing concentration from the southern to the northern areas ( Figure ).

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