Effects of inspiratory muscle training on inspiratory muscle strength and exercise tolerance in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Front Med (Lausanne) · 2026 · PMC13358839 · PMID 42445148

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0810

closest p · 1.6× alpha

0.1290

boldest claim

The sentences

a borderline significant trendp = 0.081so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Meanwhile, sham-based controls exhibited a borderline significant trend (regression coefficient = 0.557, 95% CI: −0.069–1.183, p = 0.081) ( Table 4 ).

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a favorable trendp = 0.129not close (p > 0.1)

Dyspnea showed a favorable trend that did not reach statistical significance (SMD = 0.33, 95%CI −0.11–0.77, p = 0.129), and no significant improvement was found in FEV1 (MD = 0.14 L, 95%CI −0.17–0.44, p = 0.190).

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