Rapid Avian Diversity Recovery Following Photovoltaic Module Removal: Rebounds in Larger Waterbirds Composition and Habitat Restoration in Lake Littoral Areas.

The results demonstrated a highly significant baseline difference in waterbird composition between the impact and control lakes (Treatment effect: F 1,14 = 8.071, p = 0.001), reflecting inherent habitat variations.

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Crucially, within the BACI framework, the interaction between time and treatment displayed a marginally significant trend (F 1,14 = 1.829, p = 0.100).

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Given the inherent high temporal variance and spatial heterogeneity typical of macroecological field data, this marginal significance strongly indicates a divergent trajectory, suggesting that while the overall abundance hierarchy of dominant species requires a longer temporal window to completely reorganize, the removal of PVM structures has successfully initiated a targeted shift in community composition at Jiaogang Lake relative to the control site.

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Subsequent analysis of individual waterbird functional traits revealed a significant trend towards larger body sizes in waterbirds following the removal of PVMs.

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The results of this study demonstrate an increasing trend in CWM values for multiple functional traits characterizing waterbird body size after PVM removal.

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