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The Interaction Between Insulin Resistance and Neuroinflammation in the Brain and Its Impact on Diabetic Encephalopathy.

Biology (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13359656 · PMID 42450538

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A meta-analysis indicated that while intranasal insulin showed positive trends in some aspects—such as improved verbal memory in APOE4-negative Alzheimer’s disease patients—its overall effect on cognitive impairment did not reach statistical significance [ 143 ].

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