Clinical Safety and Reliability of Large Language Models in Answering Hemorrhoid-Related Patient Questions: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek.

Healthcare (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13361431 · PMID 42450919

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Post hoc analysis demonstrated a significant difference only between ChatGPT and DeepSeek ( p = 0.018), whereas comparisons between ChatGPT and Gemini and between Gemini and DeepSeek did not reach statistical significance ( Table 5 ).

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