highly significantp < 0.001
The Q-test remains highly significant in all scenarios ( p < 0.001), confirming that heterogeneity is not driven by any single study but is instead intrinsic to the dataset, as shown in Table 5 .
The Q-test remains highly significant in all scenarios ( p < 0.001), confirming that heterogeneity is not driven by any single study but is instead intrinsic to the dataset, as shown in Table 5 .
Although descriptive analysis revealed variation across countries, with Saudi Arabia showing the highest mean prevalence (24.6%, range: 7.0–56.0%) and Oman the lowest (5.8%, range: 4.6–7.0%), these differences did not reach statistical significance in the meta-regression model.