The translation paradox: how full translation increases cognitive load and impairs medical vocabulary retention.

BMC Med Educ · 2026 · PMC13361973 · PMID 42163218

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0640

closest p · 1.3× alpha

0.1180

boldest claim

The sentences

a trend toward significancep = 0.064so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

For ICL, the FTG scored significantly higher than the OTG ( p = 0.010), with a trend toward significance when compared to the ABG ( p = 0.064).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.118not close (p > 0.1)

Post-hoc comparisons showed that the OTG significantly outperformed both the ABG ( p = 0.011) and the FTG ( p < 0.001), whereas the difference between the ABG and FTG did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.118).

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