highly significantp < 2 × 10 −16
Notably, despite the absence of a significant indirect effect through AIP, TG exhibited a highly significant total effect on gout, driven by a strong direct effect independent of the AIP pathway (ADE = 0.1013, p < 2 × 10 −16 ) (Fig. 2 G, H, I, J) (File S1 : Table S13 – S17 ).