highly significantp < 0.0001
The model was highly significant ( p < 0.0001), while the lack-of-fit term was not significant ( p > 0.05), indicating a good fit and significant main effects.
The model was highly significant ( p < 0.0001), while the lack-of-fit term was not significant ( p > 0.05), indicating a good fit and significant main effects.
As shown in Figure 12 , the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging rates followed a clear trend: the DES-5 extract exhibited the highest activity, followed by the 70% ethanol extract, while the pure water extract showed the lowest activity.