Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals a gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism axis contributes to sex differences in a β-aminopropionitrile-induced aortic dissection mouse model.

Although the MaNonAD group showed an increasing trend, this was not statistically significant; however, its score was significantly higher than that of the FeNonAD group.

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In Cluster 1, the genes showed a decreasing trend from Con to NonAD to AAD in both males and females and were enriched in pathways associated with vascular smooth muscle cell function, including Wnt signaling, muscle cell differentiation, myofibril and contractile fiber organization, and autophagy-related processes (Fig. 2 E).

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Macrophage infiltration was lower in the FeAAD group than in the MaAAD group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 3 C).

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