Gait asymmetry across frailty-status groups in older adults: clinical and biomechanical evidence from 3D gait analysis.

At the kinematic level, asymmetry in hip flexion ( p = 0.025, Δ = −0.374, Figure 1C ), knee flexion ( p = 0.019, Δ = −0.415, Figure 1D ), and hip external rotation ( p = 0.026, Δ = −0.339, Figure 1E ) was significantly greater in the frail group than in the no-frail group, while foot external rotation asymmetry showed a trend toward higher values in the frail group ( p = 0.092, Δ = −0.328, Figure 1F ).

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