Aerosol effective radiative forcing increases Earth's energy imbalance in recent decades.

Overall, we observe a decreasing trend of −2.95 ± 0.23 cm −3 /decade in the global ocean mean of N d (Fig. 1 c), or roughly 5%/decade in relative terms 28 .

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The trend of SH may be driven by an increase in natural emissions, as suggested by positive trends of aerosol loading and N d over remote oceans, and a negative trend in parts of coastal regions (Figs. 1 and S2 ).

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