nominally significantP = 0.044
In the univariable MR analysis (Supplementary Table S1), after excluding outliers (rs1421085, rs62396185, rs12247907, and rs7791463 for beef; rs11211124 for pork; rs9379832 and rs35797675 for lamb) using the MR-PRESSO method, the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach revealed a nominally significant association between genetically predicted beef intake and breast cancer risk (OR = 1.511, 95% CI: 1.010–2.260, P = 0.044), with no evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy.