Current-density-dependent interphase formation and V<sup>4+</sup>/V<sup>5+</sup> activation unlocking low-rate durability of VO<sub>2</sub> (B) toward commercializable aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

48 Morphological examinations of the zinc anode at normal loading (0.8–1.0 mg cm −2 ) after cycling at various rates reveal a clear trend: at low rates (0.1–0.5 A g −1 , Fig. 5c1–c3 ), cells fail via overcharging or abrupt capacity decay, indicative of dendrite-induced soft/hard short circuits and “dead zinc” formation (Fig.

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