The use of antibiotic, probiotic, and fecal microbiota transplantation in modulating immunotherapy efficacy and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes.

Oncologist · 2026 · PMC13401492 · PMID 42434798

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an unfavorable trendno p-value reported

When stratified by line of therapy, antibiotic use also showed an unfavorable trend among patients receiving first-line therapy, mixed line therapy under the random-effects model.

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