Comparative Neuropsychiatric Outcomes of JAK Inhibitors, Dupilumab, and Conventional Immunosuppressants in Atopic Dermatitis: A Real-World Cohort Study.

Adjustment Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder For autism spectrum disorders, a nominally significant association was observed in Cohort 3 (HR 4.84, 95% CI 1.04–22.44; p = 0.025); however, this finding must be interpreted with extreme caution for multiple reasons: (1) very low absolute event counts (fewer than 10 per group); (2) wide confidence intervals reflecting statistical instability; (3) new ASD diagnoses in adults likely represent delayed recognition or diagnostic re-evaluation rather than true incident neurodevelopmental disease; and (4) the biological plausibility of a treatment effect on ASD within a 24-month window is limited.

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A numerical trend toward higher depressive disorder incidence with conventional therapy was observed in Cohort 2 (HR 1.96, p = 0.084), though this did not reach statistical significance. 3.4.2.

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