Drought, Ash and Soil Legacies Shape Seed Germination Responses in <i>Pinus canariensis</i> C. Sm. & DC. Forests.

Regional climate projections for the Canary Islands indicate a clear trend towards warmer and drier conditions during the 21st century, with mean temperature increases of ~2–4 °C by 2070–2100 under high-emission scenarios and a marked rise in drought and aridity indices, particularly at mid-elevations where P. canariensis forests are concentrated [ 14 , 41 ].

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