a significant trendP =0.02
In Jakarta, HPV positivity was inversely associated with daily income when women having ⩾US $3 per day were compared with those with ⩽US $1 per day (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28–0.92, with a significant trend of P =0.02), while having had more than one partner was associated with a higher HPV positivity than one partner (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.64–4.33).