Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment.

Hookworm antigen-specific cytokine responses As seen in Figure 3B , a clear trend with age was seen for IL-5 and IL-13 responses in the hookworm positive group which reached significance for IL-13 (n = 79, bootstrap repetitions = 500 β coeff = 28.18±SE 12.60 95% CI 3.49–52.87 P = 0.025).

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