However, injection 1 h after the conditioning trial does not show any memory increase (χ 2 = 0, P = 0.98; Control: n = 39; Caffeine: n = 47) (*: P < 0.05, ***: P < 0.001, (*): nearly significant, NS: non-significant).
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Early calcium increase triggers the formation of olfactory long-term memory in honeybees.
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