Foot posture influences the electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during gait.

For tibialis posterior, the flat-arched foot group exhibited decreased peak EMG amplitude (mean difference: -14.3%; 95% CI: -29.1 to 0.4; d = 0.51; p = 0.058) compared to the normal arched group, although this finding did not reach statistical significance (Figure 5 ).

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