Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure.

But, when these tests are found abnormal, the nephropathy has already reached the irreversible phase that may lead to renal insufficiency.[ 17 ] The renal effects of Pb, consisting mainly in a decline of the GFR without proteinuria, have been reported in workers with a longstanding exposure to Pb, with a Pb-B of 600 μg/L or more.[ 20 ] So far, studies conducted on populations of workers with a lower level of exposure to Pb have disclosed no renal effect or only infraclinical changes of marginal significance.[ 12 , 13 ] In humans, a reduced GFR (i.e. indicated by decreases in the creatinine clearance or increases in the serum creatinine concentration) has been observed in association with exposures resulting in average PbBs < 20ug/dL.

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Many studies have confirmed that lead-contaminated dust is a major determinant of lead concentrations in blood.[ 8 ] Similarly, a highly significant correlation between lead concentration in drinking water and blood lead concentrations has been reported.[ 9 ] Children are more susceptible to the effects of environmental lead than adults because of the increased gastrointestinal absorption of lead in children.

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