Applying an empirical hydropathic forcefield in refinement may improve low-resolution protein X-ray crystal structures.

However, re-refinement of the tubulin structure produced some quite significant (∼2.8 Å) local deviations in Cα positions (with concomitant differences in sidechain positions) compared to the deposited structure, of which, intriguingly, the largest are localized near the colchicine binding site.

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