Retinoic acid and rapamycin differentially affect and synergistically promote the ex vivo expansion of natural human T regulatory cells.

Overall, the addition of either ATRA or RAPA appeared to slightly augment FOXP3 expression in expanded Treg cells ( Fig 1C ), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .123 ANOVA for all groups; P = .08 comparing control and ATRA treated Treg populations).

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