A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors.

Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Low level of education Only three studies reported strong positive associations between a woman's low level of education and experiencing IPV, that is, Fawole et al [49] (OR 12.54), Hoque et al [35] (OR 7.59) and Umeora et al [51] ( p = 0.001, OR not stated) whilst in six studies the relationship did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.31 in Ezechi et al [36] , [37] ; p = 0.145 in Kaye et al [50] ; p = 0.05 in Efetie and Salami [52] ; p value was not stated in Olagbuji et al [46] and Ntaganira et al [44] ).

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