Smoking and alcohol drinking increased the risk of esophageal cancer among Chinese men but not women in a high-risk population.

Among never smokers, light or moderate ethanol intake (<500 ml/week) was not found to increase the risk of esophageal cancer, an elevated OR was observed for heavy drinkers (≥500 ml/week) but did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97–1.98).

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