Learning alters theta amplitude, theta-gamma coupling and neuronal synchronization in inferotemporal cortex.

There was a trend toward a positive correlation with theta phase tightening in the right IT but this just failed to achieve significance either overall (p = 0.06) or in any individual animal.

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Effects of learning on theta and gamma oscillations In all cases effects of learning were tested using ANOVA tests but in a number of cases data for did not show a normal distribution and so p values from an additional permutation test (PT) are also given where these were significant or close to significance.

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Figure 8D shows that firing rates of the excitatory neurons are unchanged following the NMDA receptor changes mimicking learning but there is nevertheless a highly significant overall increase in the firing rate of the downstream neuron (Figure 8E ) and this is positively correlated with the size of the theta/gamma ratio (Pearson correlation, r = 0.34, p < 0.01 - Figure 8F ).

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Indeed, even the small number of recording electrodes showing increases in theta amplitude seen during stimulus presentation before the learning criterion had been reached did not achieve significance across the three animals.

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This almost achieved significance in the right IT with the ANOVA test but did so with the permutation test (5.19 ± 0.30 per bin during learning vs 5.85 ± 0.27 per bin after learning, F 1,39 = 3.59, p = 0.066, PT, p = 0.04)(see Additional file 1 , Figure S10).

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